Showing posts with label MBA Stuff. Show all posts
Showing posts with label MBA Stuff. Show all posts

Thursday, December 6, 2007

Issues in Macroeconomics in India

Ajay Shah has a paper on the Macroeconomics in India where he first highlights the aspects where the Indian economy has changed substantially when compared with a decade ago. He explains lucidly about what fiscal policy and monetary policy in today's India should be doing, and propose directions for institutional reform

He says,
[I]ndia has not yet had a crisis deriving from the inconsistent monetary policy regime. Monetary and fiscal reform is required to achieve a consistent speculation -proof policy framework, to smooth the process of India's integration into the world economy. The ideal scenario for the 2007-2010 period involves are that puts a sound macroeconomic framework into place before such a crisis comes about.

Wednesday, October 17, 2007

How to understand cost benefit analysis

There is a cost to everything. Ouch! Aadisht explains!!

There's no gain without pain. It's unrelated, but that brings me to note that I have completed one year of blogging somewhere in October. And it all started when I was stuck up with back pain! The gains for me is I have been able to look at some real good stuff( no, not porn!, but serious insights and wacky humour) on the web and that I am little more organised about my own finances.

The real gain, I guess, is that I have a sense of direction of what I want to do over the next 5 years or so. And one of them is about this web site

Thursday, September 27, 2007

Basic Traits of doing Business: Is MBA required?

Mint is running a series "Sixty in Sixty" featuring sixty Indians who are making quiet, but important, contributions without seeking headlines. You can see them under the Profile section of their website.
Highly inspirational series! In their issue on 26/9, they introduce Odhavji Raghavji Patel, Chairman of the world's biggest wall clock manufacturer. This man remains humble while building an empire. He says, " I did nothing new, but followed basic traits of selling a product that is good looking and performs well and has a good service back up network and at an affordable cost. Where do you need an MBA for this? " What also caught my eyes is this line:
...this coupled with activities such as drama and sport at the school level, groomed him for management
So whatever little you learn while you are doing your MBA, please don't ignore drama and sport!!

Monday, May 21, 2007

Strategy for your Investment Portfolio

As Indian companies continue to emerge and gain prominence on the world stage, those companies who outperform will be those who make better resource allocation decisions. Companies that do this consistently over time will lead their industries. It is time for corporates to strategise their Portfolio Management for competetive advantage and outperformance.

I like the word "strategy". Sounds good, no! Whenever I'm doing nothing at office and want to feel smart, I start "strategising on my options to leverage the resources at hand". Roughly translated it means, "I'm taking a nap".

Jokes apart, this is what I read in dailies:

  • The total value of M&A involving Indian companies was about $37 billion (Rs 160000 crore) in two months of 2007 as against $20 billion (Rs 86000 crore) in the whole of 2006. Is there some grand strategy there?
  • LIC, the Insurance behemoth, is in the process of carving two separate entities for its "Credit Card venture" and "pension business". Why is LIC diversifying into credit cards?
  • Jet and Sahara have finally decided to merge after 10 month of battle. Is there value in the deal?
  • Tata outbids CSN in the Corus deal? Did they pay too much?

I often wonder at the strategy behind the decisions.

"Optimizing Corporate Portfolio Management", authored by Anand Sanwal, is a useful book whose main premise is that where an organization allocates its resources is what truly drives it strategy and financial returns. So while company leaders issue strategy in presentations or in speeches, this is really not what creates strategy - it is where money gets spent that determines this.

Anand explains, "Let's take a very simple example of a company which has $100 to invest and whose leadership says that their main strategy is to focus on customer loyalty. However, when you look at where they invest their money, you see that $75 is spent on customer acquisition and $25 is spent on initiatives focused on customer loyalty. So even though the stated strategy is customer loyalty, the true strategy is one of acquiring new customers if you look at the resource allocation."

The book offers a practical methodology to bring this powerful discipline to your organization. The book is targeted at any organization struggling to figure out how to better allocate resources - this is every company and any sub-organization within a company, e.g., Information Technology (IT), marketing, R&D, sales, operations, product groups, etc who manage discretionary resources.

The book can be used to help general managers decide which product they should invest in or which country/region deserves more investment versus another. It advocates treating all investments as part of a portfolio whose risk and reward must be balanced - similar to the way a person tries to manage their money as a portfolio of investments.

The book also features case studies of successful companies deploying this discipline including AmEx, Cisco, HP, TransUnion and the State of Oregon. The case studies demonstrate that the CPM discipline can be used across organization of all types, across industries and also across for profit and not for profit (government) organizations.

I enjoyed reading the book and learnt a lot from it despite the agonising title (for a novice like me) !

Blog on Finance & Business

Tuesday, May 15, 2007

Optimizing Corporate Portfolio Management (CPM)


As Indian companies continue to emerge and gain prominence on the world stage, those companies who outperform will be those who make better resource allocation decisions. Companies that do this consistently over time will lead their industries. It is time for corporates to optimize their Portfolio Management for competetive advantage and outperformance.

"Optimizing Corporate Portfolio Management", authored by Anand Sanwal, is a useful book whose main premise is that where an organization allocates its resources is what truly drives it strategy and financial returns. So while company leaders issue strategy in presentations or in speeches, this is really not what creates strategy - it is where money gets spent that determines this.

Anand explains, "Let's take a very simple example of a company which has $100 to invest and whose leadership says that their main strategy is to focus on customer loyalty. However, when you look at where they invest their money, you see that $75 is spent on customer acquisition and $25 is spent on initiatives focused on customer loyalty. So even though the stated strategy is customer loyalty, the true strategy is one of acquiring new customers if you look at the resource allocation."

The book offers a practical methodology to bring this powerful discipline to your organization. The book is targeted at any organization struggling to figure out how to better allocate resources - this is every company and any sub-organization within a company, e.g., Information Technology (IT), marketing, R&D, sales, operations, product groups, etc who manage discretionary resources.

The book can be used to help general managers decide which product they should invest in or which country/region deserves more investment versus another. It advocates treating all investments as part of a portfolio whose risk and reward must be balanced - similar to the way a person tries to manage their money as a portfolio of investments.

The focus of the book is not on describing why CPM is important but in showing people how to implement a CPM strategy. It also features case studies of successful companies deploying this discipline including AmEx, Cisco, HP, TransUnion and the State of Oregon. The case studies demonstrate that the CPM discipline can be used across organization of all types, across industries and also across for profit and not for profit (government) organizations.

Anand beleives that the complexity of decision-making cannot be boiled down into two dimensions or some overly simplistic framework. Decisions within organizations require using data and are much more complex. CPM understands this complexity and is about providing a way to make better decisions in a more holistic, complete way.

Anand holds a degree in finance and accounting from the Wharton School of Business and a degree in chemical engineering from the University of Pennsylvania. He is currently handling the American Express’ CPM effort which spans the entire organization and captures over $4 billion of per annum discretionary investment spend. He is infact also the holder of a CPM patent.

So "Optimizing Corporate Portfolio Management" is a book from the horse's mouth and is a pragmatic approach on how to link capital allocation to strategic planning. Anand's approach to enterprise portfolio management is lucid for a beginner, practical for a practioner, and provides a lot of insights for the experts of CPM.
Blog on Finance & Business

Saturday, May 12, 2007

Production Management Made Easy and Interesting

I thought I was wasting my time with an course like Production Management since I'm a Financial services sector guy. Production Management , also called operations management, is planning and control of industrial processes to ensure that they move smoothly at the required level.

But wait, people like Steven Spielberg, Shekhar Kapoor or our own Karan Johar depend hugely on production managers who are responsible for realizing the visions of the Producer and the Director or the Choreographer. Interested now!!

I would think that the production manager is an important link and would answer directly to the director. This may involve dealing with matters ranging from the procurement of staff, materials and services, to freight, logistics, information technology, government liaison, venue booking, scheduling, operations management and workplace safety. And maybe liasioning with the heroines too! Interesting, no!?

Prof Bawa really made it interesting for us. We did some interesting case studies too and one of them was on Toyota where Prof Bawa told us about their Ten Commandments for competing in emerging global scenario. Worth listing it out here:
  1. Quality obsession
  2. Productivity through infrastructure
  3. Global orientation
  4. Investing in Human capital
  5. Improving supply chain management
  6. Product & process innovation
  7. Global branding and positioning
  8. Design & Research
  9. Better product at lower prices
  10. Access to low cost capital

Techniques of production management are employed in service as well as in manufacturing industries. It is a similar functional responsibility in level and scope to other specialties such as marketing or human resource and financial management. Any questions?

Blog on Finance & Business

Tuesday, May 8, 2007

Business Planning by Story telling

The best presentations have a story telling style behind it. And if you want to become an entrepreneur you have to write the story of your business. Popularly known as a Business Plan.

The Business Plan tells you and your investors whether the business makes any sense. It also tells the audience about your thoughts and abilities and whether you can make it all happen.

We know about the various elements of the Business Plan which are:

  • Executive Summary, Company Description, Market Size, Technology description, Competetion, Sales Revenue generation, Finances, Management

There could be plans with slightly different headings but essentially they talk about as above. We might just focus on each of them separately but I'll start off where I most usually harp on: Finances

In this section of the plan you will try to explain how to set off your expenses with your revenues over a period of time. To me, this is very important. If you are not able to articulate that, it's time to rethink and maybe move away from the present idea to another one. Till you are able to build a model where you generate profits and build a sustainable enterprise.

One aspect of the Finances is deciding the right pricing. Head on to this article from Bnet for some insights. Determining the right pricing for your product/service


Blog on Finance & Business

Monday, April 30, 2007

Financial Management for a Startup Firm

Himanshu would like me to be his first Guest Blogger and write some stuff on Finance.The reason, Himanshu says, is many people like him are techie guys but they are not so much aware about Finance.

Is it important for a startup to understand corporate financial information, evaluate corporate financial performance and understand the language of accounting and finance?

I feel that the idea of a startup is a romantic and sexy one till you start the start up. Once you are confident of your idea and think it’s time to make it happen, it’s time to do some reality checks.

Let us ask the “bringing back to Earth” questions with a financial angle. In fact the business plan of a startup firm should incorporate the source and application of funds, projected cash flows, Sales forecast, ROI, Breakeven analysis etc.
  1. How much money is needed to launch the project? What are the short term working capital needs? Here you try to understand your capital requirements.
  2. What return on investment can the business bring? This is the first question a VC would ask. You have to work on the ROI that your business can bring.
  3. What could be the possible source of funds? Friends, relatives, VC or a Bank?
  4. What are the projected Sales forecast and the likely expenses? You may do well to build a projected cash flow statement for the next 1-3 years.
  5. When do you look to cover your initial costs? In other words, when do you break even?
  6. Can you build a projected balance sheet for your business?

Difficult questions? Maybe yes, but if you are not prepared to answer them or face them, the startup may remain just a pipe dream.

If success was easy it would no longer be success. Admittedly, though finding the answers is not like rocket science, it looks entirely geeky to many of us.

There are no ready made answers. It follows after you are able to define your business, review your competitive environment and do a SWOT analysis for yourself.

And tools? Start with a pen and a paper, quickly graduate to Excel sheet or any other spreadsheet and you are on your way!! Getting started is all you need to worry about!! haven't we heard Goethe's couplet: Whatever you can do, or dream you can, begin it. Boldness has genius, power and magic in it.

Blog on Finance & Business

Sunday, April 29, 2007

Instruments of Monetary Policy in India

I have been trying to understand the Annual Monetary Policy and made my first attempts by asking what factors went into the policy. I asked myself two questions and attempted to put my own answers there. More I try to learn about the policy, the less I seem to understand. But I'm determined.

Actually this monetary policy is nothing but controlling the supply of Money. The big Daddy, I mean the RBI takes a look at the present levels and also takes a call on what should be the desired level to promote growth, bring stability of price(low inflation) and foreign exchange. The factors that decide the desired levels were discussed in my last post.

This brings me to my third question:
What are the instruments of this monetary policy that the RBI has and can use?

We hear of repo rate, reverse repo, CRR in the papers. Are they the only weapons RBI has? No, I found abook on Macro Economics by DN Dwivedi which lists out the following:
A. Quantitative measures:
  1. Open Market operations: Here, the RBI enters into sale and purchase of government securities and treasury bills. So the RBI can pump money into circulation by buying back the securities and vice versa. In absence of an independent security market (all Banks are state owned), this is not really effective in India.
  2. Bank rate policy: Popularly known as repo rate and reverse repo rate, it is the rate at which the RBI and the Banks buy or exchange money. This resuts into the flow of bank credit and thus effects the money supply.
  3. Cash Reserve ratio (CRR): This is the percentage of total deposits that the banks have to keep with RBI. And this instrument can change the money supply overnight.
  4. Statutory Liquidity Requirement (SLR): This is the proportion of deposits which Banks have to keep liquid in addition to CRR. This also has a bearing on money supply.

B. Qualitative measures:

  1. Credit rationing: Imposing limits and charging higher/lower rates of interests in selective sectors is what you see is being done by RBI.
  2. Change in lending margins: Or is the risk weightage assigned for the various lendings.??
  3. Moral suasion: We hear of RBI's directive of priority lending in Agriculture sector. Seems more of a directive rather than persuasion!!
I'm beginning to make sense of the jargons I get to read in the papers. Do you have a question? And if you're still confused about the whole thing and wonder what's the fuss all about, take a break! (I'm taking one, too!!!)


Blog on Finance & Business

Saturday, April 21, 2007

Strategic Management in ITC Ltd.

This is the project on Strategic Management that we did on ITC ltd. for our Executive MBA. I'll be delighted with feedback and comments.



Blog on Finance & Business

Friday, April 20, 2007

Do You have the Right Strategy?

I like the word "strategy". Sounds good, no! Whenever I'm doing nothing at office and want to feel smart, I start "strategising on my options to leverage the resources at hand". Roughly translated it means, "I'm taking a nap".

Jokes apart, this is what I read in dailies:
  • The total value of M&A involving Indian companies was about $37 billion (Rs 160000 crore) in two months of 2007 as against $20 billion (Rs 86000 crore) in the whole of 2006. Is there some grand strategy there?

  • LIC, the Insurance behemoth, is in the process of carving two separate entities for its "Credit Card venture" and "pension business". Why is LIC diversifying into credit cards?

  • Jet and Sahara have finally decided to merge after 10 month of battle. Is there value in the deal?

  • Tata outbids CSN in the Corus deal? Did they pay too much?

I often wonder at the strategy behind the decisions. Unfortunately, I don't learn much from the media. Maybe because they are much more focussed on the strategy to cover the Aishwarya Abhishek marriage to the max detail rather than covering such mundane topics.

I start from the basics. What is strategy? Wiki says, A strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, most often "winning". Isn't this simply means what is good for me on the long run should be my strategy. Only handicap is we don't know what's good for us!! For example, we may try to maximise sales without looking at the profitability of sales and thereby hurt the bottomline of our Company.

Let's take a look at an overview of the Strategic management process. The process of Strategic Management exercise starts with the Company's Mission statement where the business of the company is identified. Defining the business would mean figuring out the product/service, the segment of customers and also the delivery channel.

After we identify where we want to reach, we should also be able to assess our situation and decide whether we are capable of reaching our goals and that our goals are not just wishful thinking. In management parlance, you need to do a SWOT analysis or do the Company Profiling. As part of the profiling, we should also try to figure out the PESTs ( Political, Economics, Social, Technological environment), also known as External Environment.

Once you are done with the above three ( Mission, Company profiling and External environment), you may be feeling that you are through. But it gets murkier when the Management Gurus shout over each other selling you there ready made Dosa mixes, err,.. their matrices. Three popular matrices that comes to our help with strategic analysis and choice are:

  1. BCG Matrix: This matrix created by the Boston Consulting group base their strategies on the basis of market growth and market share where we can categorize its business units as "Stars", "Cash Cows", "Question Marks", and "Dogs", and then allocate cash accordingly

  2. GE Matrix: It is amore complex version of BCG matrix where one axis comprises industry attractiveness measures, such as Market Profitability, Fit with Core Skills etc. and the other axis comprises business strength measures, such as Price, Service Levels etc.

  3. Ansoff's Matrix: The Ansoff Product-Market Growth Matrix is a marketing tool which allows marketers to consider ways to grow the business on the basis of four possible product/market combinations. The matrix consists of four strategies which are market penetration, product development, market development and diversification.

Armed with the jargons, I feel smug and confident. Untill my missus called up to enquire what I was doing at office. "Strategy session going on", I tried to sound important and busy. "Then you can come early, and please buy some भाजी on your way back".Unfortunately my wife does not fathom "strategy" (but uses a lot of them, eh)

I'll go now and strategise on buying the best भाजी (value for money, guys!) .I'll come back with more bhaaji sessions, oops.., strategy sessions. I will simplify the meaning of long term objectives, operating strategies, institutionalisation of strategy, et al. Stay tuned.

Blog on Finance & Business

Sunday, April 1, 2007

SWOT Analysis for Dummies Like Me

SWOT anal-ysis is an important management term used by all and sundry to sound intelligent. My problem is after I utter the word, I have difficulty in taking it forward. Strength looks weakness and Opportunity looks like Threat to me. Every time I end up being jumbled and more confused.
But wait. I have found a remedy for myself. Let me know if it helps you too. Here's SWOT explained.
  • Strength: My wife.
  • Weakness: My neighbour's wife.
  • Opportunity: When my neighbour's away.
  • Threat: When I am away.
Blog on Finance & Business

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Tuesday, October 3, 2006

Porter's model for analysis

While analyzing a company a lot of number crunching is done. P/E ratios, dividend yields, profitability ratios, efficiency ratios, and what not. And for a new initiate, it can be a damning and confounding exercise.

Moreover this exercise leads to confusing the trees with the forest! I mean shouldn't we be interested in the larger picture instead of just number crunching.

I would think of taking a qualitative insight into a company and look at it's Management team, Competitive advantage and a look at the industry in which the company operates.

I have done a BCG model for ITC which you can see and comment.

Another model that is popularly used is the "Porter's Analysis" which is an environmental analysis of the industry. It takes into account 5 factors of competitive advantage. Let's look at it from the view point of ITES industry.
  1. Entry Barriers : The entry barriers in the software industry are low. For instance, to set up an ITES business, the initial investments are lower than the revenue realisation per seat.
  2. Inter firm rivalry: The Indian ITES industry has intense competition among themselves.
  3. Bargaining power of suppliers: All suppliers have high level of maturity (SEI-CMM level 4/5). So it doesn't appear relevant.
  4. Bargaining power of Buyers: The competition makes it vey high for buyers.
  5. Threat from unorganised sector: Since quality is a key factor here, the competition will not allow the organised sector to survive.